Deforestation as an Environmental Problem Assignment

Deforestation as an Environmental Problem - Assignment Example The aim of the discourse, therefore, is to provide a short report on the subject of deforestation by: (1) providing a brief summary the problem; (2) by outlining its causes; and finally, (3) analyzing some possible solutions to the problem. Brief Summary of the Problem Deforestation is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as referring â€Å"to change of land cover with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. Changes within the forest class (e.g. from closed to open forest) which negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the production capacity, are termed forest degradation† (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000, p. 1). Deforestation is regarded as an environmental problem for the reasons that cutting of trees or depletion of forests and woodlands leave insufficient numbers of trees which have been proven to store vast amounts of carbon needed to prevent continued global warming. Also, due to clearing activities in forest s and agricultural areas, the burning of trees emit substantial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is deemed contributory to the green house effect (Oracle Think Quest n.d.). Likewise, trees also have natural abilities to aborb water, if vast amounts of trees are uprooted and cut, the deforested region is therefore prone to floods or extreme dryness, causing further destruction of lives (human, animals and plants). Concurrently, trees and forests have been revealed to function as ways for conserving biological diversity where various flora and fauna have survived in their natural habitat. Deforestation through natural (storms, blizzard, eathquakes) and human induced activities disrupt and contribute to the loss of biodiveristy which eventually leads to extinction of endanged species. Cause of Deforestation As revealed, the causes of deforestation are varied; ranging from finding other alternative uses for the land for planting, grazing animals, being used as residential areas d ue to population expansion, being allocated as roads, subdivisions, and even for logging (Oracle Think Quest, n.d.). As deduced, deforestation is caused by human activities to satisfy diverse human needs. According to the FAO Key Findings Report on Global Forest Assessment in 2010, â€Å"deforestation – mainly the conversion of tropical forests to agricultural land – shows signs of decreasing in several countries but continues at a high rate in others. Around 13 million hectares of forest were converted to other uses or lost through natural causes each year in the last decade compared to 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s† (FAO, 2010, p. 3). Possible Solutions At the onset, one could analyze that the solution to this dilemma is straightforward: to replant trees and to stop cutting those that are still currently surviving. However, to implement this, those identified to be authorized to maintain, monitor and restrict cutting and focus on preservation and c onservation must design strategies and plans for management and governance through policies and regulations. As disclosed by FAO (2010), â€Å"80% of the world’s forests are publicly owned, but ownership and management of forests by communities, individuals and private companies is on the rise†

Will come into handsome property Essay Example for Free

Will come into handsome property Essay Pip is very un-happy with his life, Pip loves Estella however Estella is just enticing him. Pip has been affected by Estella, Estella has made Pip feel he is common and so he decides to acquire an education. Pip turns to Biddy for support as she is well educated and he admires her with great respect. Pip has always wanted to work in a blacksmiths however he reconsiders this and thinks about the lifestyle. Our sympathy for Pip grows as we realise how un-happy he is in his place in life. Pips education is limited. He attends an evening school in the village run by Mr Wopsles Great Aunt. Usually Pip has to teach himself how to read, write and do simple sums as the teacher sleeps through the lesson. Learning to read and write does not come easily to Pip; he does not receive any help at home either. We feel sympathy for Pip as he wants to learn, however he cannot as he does not get the teaching and help he needs. Dickens does this to show how Pips home life is bad; although Joe would want to help Pip he cannot because he is not very well educated either. A lawyer from London, named Jaggers, tells Pip that the boy has great expectations and will come into handsome property. Jagger says that Pip must come to London and start his education with Mr.Pocket immediately. Pip is impatient to leave for London and begin his new life. Pip is already starting to act in a superior way; Dickens makes the readers feel distanced from Pip, due to the way he is acting. Pip says goodbye to Joe and Biddy and takes the coach to London, only then does Pip realise he might have behaved ungratefully to Joe. Pip arrives in London and is disappointed by the ugliness of it. Pip believed he was going to a paradise but is now seeing the complete opposite. Pip gets taken to Jaggers office and Jaggers tells him that he is going to stay in Barnards Inn and then going to Mr.Pockets father to see if it suits him there. Jaggers tells Pip about his allowance and then tells Wemmick to take Pip to Barnards Inn. Dickens creates sympathy towards Pip as Pip is being treated like a parcel. Jaggers spends no time on Pip and is being pragmatic towards Pip. Pips behaviour in London makes the readers feel distanced form the main character. Pip acts snobbishly and starts to show off about his Great Expectations. Pips education proceeds well but we are seeing the beginnings of Pips extravagance with money, Pip soon gets into debt as he is not used to the lifestyle. Jaggers invites Pip to dine with him and tells him to bring Herbert, Drummle and Startop. Bentley Drummle is a fellow student at Matthew Pockets. He shows himself to be bad tempered, condescending and unsociable. Drummle is a rival for Pip and there rivalry is for Estellas affection. At the party Drummle begins to boast and behave in an unpleasant manner. Jaggers soon realises that Drummle is trouble and nicknames him spider. Charles Dickens uses the adjectives idle proud niggardly and suspicious to describe Drummle. The author uses negative vocabulary to manipulate the reader about Drummle. We get the impression that all Drummle wants is attention and that also Dickens has created the character to be disliked. After the party Pip goes and says his apologies to Jaggers, this shows that Pip is transforming into a Gentleman. Pip receives a letter from Biddy, to say that Joe is coming to London. Pip doesnt want Joe to visit and says Not with pleasure. Pip has become ashamed of his background and so doesnt want Joe to visit. Joes visit is embarrassing and awkward as the blacksmith feels out of place. Joe upsets Pip by calling him Sir. Joe feels awkward like he did in Miss Havishams house, he fiddles with his hat and looks around the room and clearly displays his nerves, which creates a tense atmosphere. Dickens uses Joes visit to make the readers feel distanced from the main character as Pip has become a snob and has begun to deceive himself. Joe refuses Pips invitation to dinner and suggests that Pip would see him in a better light if he visited the forge. Dickens creates sympathy towards Pip however we still feel slightly distanced from the protagonist of the novel. Pip feels upset by Joes sudden departure but also feels ashamed of Joe and his background.

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Term Papers and College Essay Examples Essay Its easy to access all of our free essays and term papers. We simply ask that students create a free account and submit one of their own research papers. Remember, you should always write your own coursework. We have a large selection of model essays to help you improve your own writing ability. Start searching today. American History (2421) Biographies (1156) Book Reports (2429) Business (6027) English (7888) History Other (2336) Miscellaneous (5864) Music and Movies (888) Philosophy (846) Psychology (1528) Religion (903) Science (2253) Social Issues (4547) Technology (1793) Read more:  A person you admire essay Essay Stats Essays: 40 924 Todays essays: 17 Comments: 14 796 Ratings: 51 919 Members: 511 805Newest Essays Project Post Mortem Future Of Fashion Find The Time Sociology Of Sport Performance Management Accounting 250 Internet Shopping Rhondas Paper Human Resources The Fairness More Essays  » Popular Topics Hindi Essay Marathi Essay Importance Of Education My Childhood Memories Advantages And Disadvantages The Most Unforgettable The Person i Admire Advantages And Disadvantages The Most Memorable Day Of My In Kannada More Topics  » Subscribe to our Term Papers and College Essay Examples Welcome to All Free Essays, where you can search essays, term papers and reports written by students for free!

Geography Of The United Arab Emirates Environmental Sciences Essay

Geography Of The United Arab Emirates Environmental Sciences Essay The united arab emirates, which lies in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia , is a union of seven emirates : Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. It is situated in Asia and is bordered by the Arabian Gulf from the north, Omman from the east, Sudi Arabia from both west and south sides. It also faces the Gulf of Omman from the northeast, Qatar from the northwest. The coastline, that runs along the Arabian gulf and the gulf of oman, is about 1,318 kilometers long. This makes Dubai, the pearl of the Gulf, a very important commercial centre. The total area of the United Arab Emirates is about 77.700 squares kilometers. The largest emirate is Abu Dhabi and the smallest one is Ajman. The country is mostly desert in the south and west areas with sand dunes, salt flats and some oases while the trucial coast has shallow seas, reefs, sandbars and islets. The only mountains in the emirates exist on the east coast in al Fujairah called Al Hajar mountains, the land there is suitable for agriculture and has been used for many years. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has no permanent rivers but it has two main important oases. http://www.United Arab Emiratesinteract.com/docs/An_oasis_in_the_heart_of_Al_Ain/18124.htm http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alain.oasis.aspx Oases of the United Arab Emirates The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has seven oases, two of them are very important and has underground water for permanent use. Al-Ain oasis, which is in Abu Dhabi emirate, is the largest one. This oasis has been developed and protected, people from around the world come to this place to see the date palms, fruit trees and beautiful sites. Since the land there is fertile and water is available, date and fruit production plays a part in the economy of Al Ain city which takes its name from the oasis. Liwa is another oasis in the emirate of Abu Dhabi and it also attracts tourists. Land Use of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Only 0.6% of land is considered arable, 2.3% is planted to permenant crops and about 720 square kilometers are irrigated. http://www.dubaidreams.net/562/about/animals-birds-plants-flowers-and-trees-dubai/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615412/United-Arab-Emirates/257038/Plant-and-animal-life http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-187664317/deal-protect-birds-prey.html http://www.epa.ae/philately/Philately-Stamps/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES-Stamps-Information.asp?TextFile=Y0509T Animals and plans in the United Arab Emirates The desert of the United Arab Emirates contains plants like shrubs, trees and bushes that are found in different places.The Ghaf is the most found tree in the United Arab Emirates. Trees in the United Arab Emirates have been used traditionally in areas related to health and medicines. Types of desert plants are Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Calotropis procera, Prosopis cineraria and Zizyphus spina-christi. The desert that surrounds Dubai has plans like wild grasses and date palms. Dates is the UNITED ARAB EMIRATESà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s main crop. Some plans like acacia and ghaf trees grow near the Western Hajar Mountains. In adittion to the desert, thw plam trees also grows in the gardens and parks within Dubai. In general, the plants growing in the United Arab Emirates are largly affected by the climate and the landscape of the emirates. For example, date plams usually grows near oases . As for animals, there are many like domesticated goats, sheep, and camels, together with cattle and poultry. There are predators in the wildlife such as the caracal, and red foxes. Some large animals also lives in the United Arab Emirates like Arabian oryx and Arabian and Persian gazelles. As well as small animals like the cape hare, lesser jerboa, and many types of gerbil; and a variety of snakes and lizards. In the waters of the United Arab Emirates lives many types of valuable fish and other kinds of sea creatures, although those creatures are becoming less by time due to human activities. There have been an identifation of about 13 bird areas in the United Arab Emirates , the most famous one is Khor Kalba on the border of United Arab Emirates-oman. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has made efforts to protect birds and has signed a Memorandum of Understanding in abu dhabi in order to protect the important and rare kinds of birds. http://www.mapsofworld.com/united-arab-emirates/geography/climate.html Climate of the United Arab Emirates Climate generally covers the information regarding temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall and other meteorological elements in a specific area over long periods of time. While climate can be compared to weather, weather can be defined as the day to day temperature and the precipitation activity. In general climate is the state of the atmospheric condition of an area over long periods of time. The United Arab Emirates is famous for its extremely hot and humid summer seasons while the winter seasons are moderate and pleasant. The months from May till September are very hot and the temperature can reach 45 C and exceed it, the months from December till march are comfortable, the average temperature is 28 C in daytime and 14 C at night. At Al Hajar mountains, the temperature is much lower due to the elevation and nature of landscape there. Climate in the United Arab Emirates is usually sub tropical arid. It tends to be warm in winter while hot and humid in summer. Humidity is very high and can reach more than 85% during summer time. Due to this climate conditions, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES has very little rain, averagely between 100 and 200 millimeters but in some mountainous areas the rainfall reaches 350 millimeters , the rain falls in short large quantities in summer time and the wettest months are February and March. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES is characterized with frequent sand and dust storms which reduce visibility and cause problems such as blocking ship movements near the shore area. Desalinization can make up for the lack of fresh water resources . UNITED ARAB EMIRATES faces environmental problems such as desertification and beach pollution caused by oil spills. Dry northerly wind blows on the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES and it usually cools the air unless it was loaded with dust. There is also the eastern wind which is known to be short-term and humid. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATES becomes foggy in coastal areas because the air is saturated with water Climate can affect a lot of aspects on the planet such as the human health, plants and animals: Climate effects on human health: Climate changes can affect the planetsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ geological, biological and ecological systems, and one of the important effects is on the human health, climate changes has let to large scale environmental hazards that affects the human health, and one of the most important ones is the depletion of the ozone layer, pressure on the food producing systems and the spread of the infectious diseases. Climate effects on Plants: Climate change can affect plants not only humans, the increase in temperature causes the plants to grow less than they are supposed to and produce less crops, and as the temperature becomes higher and higher the plants produce less and less till they stop producing due to the extreme heat. Changes in climate can have a positive side to it too, as in the colder areas when the temperature increases more plants will be able to grow for longer periods and produce more crops. Due to the fast change in the climate nowadays plants will have to adapt faster and more rapidly than they had to do before. Another effect on plants is drought (reduces rainfall). The availability of water can affect the production of crops directly. Climate effects on Animals: climate change can effect animals in extremely negative ways. Any changes in the environment in which an animal lives can drastically affect their lives as they are adapted to certain conditions. Mostly, its going to be those animals that are not easily able to adapt, specifically those that are endemic to a certain part of the world and those that are not very mobile species. Also, plants are an important part of animals life cycles. There are many animals that have evolved in a way that follows the life cycle of plants. A perfect example of this is pollinators and the flowers that they pollinate. If the flowers bloom before their pollinators are physiologically prepared this could cause a massive upset to the ecological system. http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/266.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.pdf http://www.United Arab Emirates.ii5ii.com/showthread.php?t=51632 tourism Due to the beautiful landscapes of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES tourists come mostly during winter months from around the world. They come by car, plane or ship especially to visit Dubai which is known to be an excellent host with luxurious hotels including the worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s tallest hotel. There are many projects being planned to be built in the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. Some changes have been made in the waters of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES to make such projects possible as in Al Nakhla project in Jumera. This project was named Al-Nakhla, which means plam, because it was created to look like a palm. It goes from Jumera beach for about 300 meters inside the gulf. The work began in 2002 with land reclamation and purification of soil to prepare the ground for building, which was introduced in 2006 , when the reclamination phase was finished, phase two began with implementation of the infrastructure in the project, bridges where used to connect the islands with the land with the rest of the palm shape. This proves the natural and man-made changing happening to the land and water of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. http://mcgsc.usgs.gov/publications/United Arab Emirates_poster.pdf Changing of UNITED ARAB EMIRATES landscape The landscape of the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES is under significant change. Through the use of irrigation and agricultural programs over the last 20 years or so, the country has transformed large amounts of sand desert into areas of green land vegetation and forests. While providing vegetables and animal fodder for the country. This action of greening is also affecting the groundwater resources, like draw-down of the water table, contamination of the ground water by agri-chemicals and land surface subsidence. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES-DESERTIFICATION: Control policy proves successful Att.Editors: The following item is by the United Arab Emirates news agency(WAM) ABU DHABI, May 16 (WAM) The United Arab Emirates (UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) desertification control and land reclamation policies have proven to have yielded fruit with the plantation of thousands of hectares of palm trees, woodlands and green belts, according to a recent report by the Abu Dhabi Municipality. The UNITED ARAB EMIRATESs efforts in this regard are one of the most successful experiences in the Arab and Gulf region in particular and at the global level in general, the report, issued by Abu Dhabi Municipalitys Forestry Section said. The most important advantage of the desertification control policy, the report adds, is the transformation of the desert from a once repulsive barren land into an area that has much appeal for inhabitants to live in. The nomadic and unsettled lifestyle of people has changed into a settled one with the economic, health, social and educational patterns also changing accordingly, the report notes. It draws attention to the fact that the strategy of growing forests in vast areas of land in the heart of the desert has provided habitat for man, flora and fauna, especially the once endangered wild animals such as rabbits, foxes and gazelles, which have considerably proliferated. New species of gazelle, namely the white deer and the Arabian Oryx, and other wild birds, such as falcons, doves and sparrows have been introduced, the report maintains. Laws barring hunting and shooting of animals and birds have been enacted in a bid to save these species from extinction. The Forestry section, the report says, is currently engaged in several projects such as Abu Dhabi-Zayed City highway, Ghayathy-Bidaa Zayed road and afforestation of the 140 km-long Hamim-Abu Dhabi road. The Municipalitys Forestry section is busy fencing 200 kilometers of land to be used as sanctuaries in the Western region. This is over and above the 51 already existing natural reserves in the region, the report emphasizes. The Abu Dhabi Municipality, the report points out, has been successful in planting several forests in the Emirate such as the 1500-hectare forest in Liwa and another 90-hectare one in Shamkhah. The aim of planting these forests and green belts, the report stresses, is to hold back desertification, improve environment and preserve endangered flora and fauna. Researches are being conducted to introduce new species of trees following the successful introduction of the jojoba tree in the region, the report points. (WAM)

Spread of Islam Essay -- Religion, Muhammad

Islam began in Mecca when the Prophet Muhammad began to spread the word of God (292). The Prophet â€Å"sought to warn his people against worshipping false gods and all immortality, especially injustice to the poor, orphans, widows, and women altogether† (293). The first converts of the religion were Meccan townsfolk and farmers (292). While some prominent Meccans joined him, the aristocracy generally resisted his teachings (293-94). According to the Qur’an, paradise lies in gratitude to God as well as in his guidance and forgiveness (293). Muhammad is accepted as the last of many prophets chosen to spread the word of God (293). Unfortunately, the Prophets’ teachings did not readily spread and succeed (293). Still, many peoples followed his wife, Khadija, and recognized him as a â€Å"chosen reformer† (293). After Muhammad’s death in 632, the lack of a successor or son led to a political struggle between the Meccan and Medinan peoples. This ended wh en Abu Bakr was selected as the successor to the Prophet (297). However, as in most previous cases, many Arab tribes renounced allegiance to the Prophet after his death (297). Nonetheless, the rule of Abu Bakr â€Å"reestablished religious conformity for much of Arabia and forced Arabs to recognize the faith and practice of Islam as opposed to a certain leader; the Prophet Muhammad in this case† (297) Following Bakr, Caliphs Umar and Uthman pushed Arab armies beyond the peninsula and conquered Byzantine and Sasanid territories, Egypt, and most of Iran by 643 (297). This success can be accounted to the leadership of the first caliphs and field generals as well as the weakness of the Byzantine and Iranians (297). By 651, Arab armies defeated the last of the Sasanid rulers (297). The fourth caliphate; ... ...sian oppression (298). Muslims were accepting of other religions and allowed Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian groups to live under protection of Islamic rule â€Å"provided they recognize Islamic political authority, pay a non Muslim head tax, and not interfere with Muslim religious practices† (298). The head tax and other divisions on non-Muslims encouraged many to convert (298). Islamic culture was also highly adaptable and open to blending of cultural traits, allowing it to spread in even hostile societies (346). Muslims could exchange ideas and goods with Muslims of radically different backgrounds and â€Å"encounter them as brothers and sisters of the Umma† (347). Thus, Islam primarily spread through the conquests of Arab armies and successfully spread due to its tenets, high adaptability, the weakening of Byzantine and Sasanid Empires, and its immense leadership.

Art Exhibit on Brown vs. Board of Education :: Art Race Segregation

Recreating the Elements Surrounding Brown vs. Board of Education Usually when I imagine an art exhibit I think of giant portraits of historic figures or arrangements of simple geometric shapes, and I am unable to comprehend how their worth exceeds the value of the materials put into them. These exhibits are usually organized to give an impression of the appropriate artist or time period, but the exhibit commemorating the Brown vs. Board of Education decision creates a model of the concepts and ideas surrounding its issues. The very first thing I noticed when visiting this exhibit was the wallpaper surrounding the entryway. This wallpaper consists of black and white portraits of people’s faces surrounded by and overlapped with bright neon stripes. These stripes are illuminated by black lights aimed from the ceilings and make it difficult to tell the race of the people featured. Although it accomplishes this goal quite well, at first glance I really only noticed how it detracts from the exhibit’s overall appearance. The exhibit and the area outside of it have a somewhat calm modern appearance with track lighting and wood floors so the neon wallpaper does not go well with its surroundings whatsoever which is something definitely not expected in an art museum. The main goal of the exhibit is to make race seem irrelevant and indistinguishable. The first example of this I noticed is obviously the wallpaper outside, which seems quite random and bizarre until the rest o f the exhibit is seen. Once inside the exhibit, I immediately figured out the wallpaper’s purpose as dealing with race issues just like the majority of the works in the exhibit. In the middle of the room, there is a large couch aimed towards a projection screen which shows two sets of home movies side by side of a white and black family. These movies feature scenarios such as birthdays, Christmas, and vacations and other scenarios that I could relate to, which are almost identical in each version. By showing the similarities in the private lives of white and black families, this part of the exhibit demonstrates that racial differences do not make people unlike one another.

Depiction of Latinos in 20th Century Film Essay -- Latino Portrayal Fi

Depiction of Latinos in 20th Century Film Graphs Not Included Over the course of this past century, the depictions of assimilated Latino characters has improved a great deal. Early portrayals of Latino assimilation generally proved to be a montage of unrealistic caricatures which seemed to convey the filmmaker's creativity more so than true representations. This formed the manner in which the American people at large viewed not just Latino characters attempting to assimilate, but also those who were not. As Cine-Aztlan puts it, film "manipulates the human psychology, sociology, religion, and morality of the people, in a word the ideological super-structure of modern capitalist society" (pg.275, Chicanos and Film). As the years went by however, mainly because Latinos started gaining power in the film industry and depicting (as opposed to creating) Latino characters, the images of Latinos who were adapting (either by choice or by societal force) to the lifestyle and values of the United States, grew more and more representative of what was actually taking place outside of the film studios. Today, most portrayals of assimilated Latinos are fairly accurate. The forces to which their modification is portrayed are not so much representative of middle-class White America however, but rather that of Urban Hip-Hop culture. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Rex Ingram. 1921) provides us with an inaccurate portrayal of an assimilated Latino character. First and foremost, it is important to note that Julio Desnoyers (the Latino character in question) is played by Rudolph Valentino, a non-Latino. This in itself makes him seem "un-Latino" to the Hispanic audience. Also, Julio represented the prototypical Latin Lover during t... ...e growing power of Latinos in the film industry. Latino producers such as Joseph Vasquez have made many films (such as Hangin? with the Homeboys and Manhattan Merengue) which show Latinos in a truer light. Also, since some of today?s hottest movie stars are Latino, big time producers cannot ignore the influence which they bring to the studio. Leguizamo, Antoni Banderas, and Jeniffer Lopez are just three examples of the growing number of latin@s whose appeal and presence in the film industry can help the overall cause of Latino representation, whether it be assimilated depictions or wholly cultural ones. It is important to recognize that American society recognize that there are indeed differences between U.S. Latin@s and Latin@s in their respective countries. In order to do this; both must be portrayed in popular film. GRAPH